Chapter 8:  THINKING AND LANGUAGE

Section 1

Question: What are the three units of thought?

THREE UNITS OF THOUGHT

• SYMBOLS –

• CONCEPTS –

• PROTOTYPES –

Section 2

Question: What steps can be used to solve problems?

THE ABCDEs OF PROBLEM SOLVING

• A

• B

• C

• D

• E

Section 3

Question: How do deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning differ?

DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING DIFFER

• Deductive Reasoning –

• Inductive Reasoning –

Section 4

Question: What strategies can be made in decision making?

STRATEGIES IN DECISION MAKING

• Weighing the Pluses and Minuses –

• Shortcuts in Decision Making and Judgment –

• The Framing Effect –

HEURISTICS OR SHORTCUTS

• Representativeness Heuristic –

• Availability Heuristic –

• Anchoring Heuristic –

Section 5

Question: What are the basic elements of language?

BASIC ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE

• Phonemes –

• Morphemes –

• Syntax –

Chapter 9:  Intelligence

Section 1: What Is Intelligence?

Question: How is intelligence defined, and what are the various theories of intelligence?

DEFINITION OF INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence can be defined as...

THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE

• Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory –

• Thurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental Abilities –

• Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence –

• Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory –

Section 2: Measurement of Intelligence

Question: How do the various types of intelligence tests differ?

INTELLIGENCE TEST DIFFERENCES

• The Stanford-Binet uses...

• The Stanford-Binet measures...

Section 3: Differences in Intelligence

Question: What are the characteristics of arrested mental development and of giftedness?

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARRESTED MENTAL DEVELOPMENT

• Moderate – people with an IQ of...

• Severe – IQ of 20-34 –

• Profound – IQ’s below 20 –

CHARACTERISTICS OF GIFTEDNESS

• Possess outstanding talent or to...

• Linked to creativity, which...

Section 4: What Influences Intelligence?

Question: How do heredity and environment influence intelligence?

HEREDITY’S INFLUENCE

• Kinship studies – closely related people...

• Adoptee Studies –

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

• For children, environmental factors...

• For adults, factors include...